Definition of Surveying —
Definition of Surveying the
Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of different objects on the surface of the earth by measuring the horizontal distance between them, and by preparing a map to any suitable scale. The measurement are taken by in the horizontal plane.
Object of Survey -—
(i) To prepare a topographical map, Object of survey
(ii) To prepare an engineering map
(iii) To prepare a cadastral map
(iv) To prepare a military map, Object of survey
(v) To prepare a contour map (vi) To prepare a geological map.
(vii) To prepare a map for rural areas with ideal locations for residential, commercial and industrial activities.
Principles of Surveying: —
General principles of surveying are: —
Principles of Surveying
(i) To work from the whole to the part: —
The whole area is first enclosed by main stations and main survey lines. The area is then divided into a number of parts of forming wall conditioned triangle in which no angle is less than 30° and greater than 120°.
(ii) To locate a new station by at least two measurements from fixed reference points: —
The new stations should always be fixed by at least two measurements (linear or angular) from fixed reference points. Linear measurements measured by chain or taps and Angular measurements are taken by a prismatic compass or theodolite.
Classification (Primary)
Plane Surveying: —
In this survey, the curvature of the earth is not taken into consideration.
In this survey, the curvature of the earth is not taken into consideration. This is because plane surveying is carried out over a small area plane surveying is done on an area of less than 250 km²: It is conducted by state agencies.
Classification of Surveying
Geodetic Surveying: —
In geodetic surveying, the curvature of the earth is taken into consideration.
In geodetic surveying, the curvature of the earth is taken into consideration. It is extended over a large area exceeding 250 km". Geodetic surveying is conducted by the Survey of India department.
Classification (Secondary):
a) Based on instruments:—
i) Chain surveying
ii) Campus surveying
iii) Plane table surveying
iv) Theodolite surveying
v) Tachometric surveying
vi) Photographic surveying
b) Base on Method:—
(i) Triangulation surveying
(ii) Traverse surveying.
c) Based on object: -
(i) Mine surveying
(ii) Geological surveying
(iii) Military Surveying
(iv) Archaeological surveying
d) Based on nature of field: —
(i) Land surveying
(ii) Marine surveying
(iii) Astronomical surveying
Uses of surveying: —
i) The survey topographical map which shows the hills, valleys, rivers, villages, towns, forests etc.
ii)survering engineering map which shows the details of engineering works such as road, railways, reservoirs, irrigation canals etc.
iii) To prepare a cadastral map showing the boundaries of fields, houses and other properties.
iv) To prepare a military map.
v) To prepare a contour map
vi) To prepare a geological map.
vii) To prepare a map for rural areas to the developed town planning can be made with ideal locations for residential, commercial and industrial activities.
The following points should be kept in mind while selecting survey stations —
a) The following points should be kept The stations should be mutually intervisible.
b) Main principle of chain survey should strictly be observed.
c) If possible, line through the whole length of area should be drawn.
d) All triangles should be well defined.
e) A check line should be provided in each triangle.
f) Survey lines should be as few as possible.
g) A number of tie lines should be drawn.
h) Position of survey lines should be such that to avoid obstacles to chaining and ranging.
I) It should be on level ground.
j) The sides of triangle should pass as close to the boundary as possible.
This is dummy text. It is not meant to be read. Accordingly, it is difficult to figure out when to end it. But then, this is dummy text. It is not meant to be read. Period.
Please do not enter any spam link in comments box. ConversionConversion EmoticonEmoticon